{"id":3858,"date":"2025-02-20T19:09:11","date_gmt":"2025-02-20T19:09:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/?page_id=3858"},"modified":"2026-06-02T14:43:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T14:43:41","slug":"afrikan-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/afrikan-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Afrikan History Series"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3585\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa-255x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"128\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa-869x1024.jpg 869w, https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa-768x905.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sankofa.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>A HISTORY OF AFRIKAN PEOPLE<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\">A Community Course Syllabus<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>This seven-part series is a Modjeska Simkins School special presentation by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imhotepthedrum.com\/about\">Dr. Burnett Gallman<\/a>,\u00a0<\/strong>who serves on the National Board of the <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/ascac.org\/\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/ascac.org\">Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0and who has been teaching for 40 years.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The 2026 session will be held on Sunday afternoons July 12\u2013Aug. 23 on Zoom 4:30\u20136pm.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Suggested tuition is $50, payable <a href=\"https:\/\/secure.ngpvan.com\/zoCipLEOKkGK6NCHFo4qSA2\">HERE<\/a>.<\/strong> Or, pay what you can. Operating the school takes money; your support matters. Questions? Email info@modjeksaschool.com.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2631\" style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gallman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2631\" class=\" wp-image-2631\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gallman-300x288.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gallman-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gallman-768x738.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gallman.jpg 833w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2631\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Dr. Burnett Gallman<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><b><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Introduction:<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><strong>It has been repeatedly proven that the history of Black people in the world has been ignored, altered, denied, lied about and even claimed by other people. A caveat to this truth is that the behavior of non-Black people towards people of Afrikan origin has also been hidden and distorted. This course aims to reveal who Afrikan people were, who Afrikan people are and what Afrikan people have had to deal with, still deal with and still thrive.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>July 12<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 1: Historiography: The History of History: Why is History important to AUSA?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>In this lecture, examples of the altered, ignored and altered history are presented while offering probable causes for such behavior. Without understanding and including the truthful and accurate history of the Afrikan people who were kidnapped and enslaved in the so-called \u201cNew World\u201d, any history would be built on the lies of omission and commission, miseducation, and racism of the kidnappers and enslavers. This lecture is designed to set the stage for the lecture series.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Objectives<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u2022 To introduce and highlight the manner in which the writing of history has been manipulated in the service of white narcissistic pseudo-supremacy.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u2022 To stimulate a re-thinking of the way that events, heroes. and sheroes have been painted and presented to us.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u2022 To understand that not only historiography is to blame but the entire entertainment industry (including all forms of journalism, film, television and sports).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>References and Suggested Reading<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Browder, Anthony T. <i>Exploding the Myths, Volume I: Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization<\/i>. Washington: The Institute of Karmic Guidance, 1992.<\/p>\n<p>Burrell, Tom. <i>Brainwashed: Challenging the Myth of Black inferiority<\/i>. NY: Smileybooks, 2010<\/p>\n<p>Carruthers, Jacob H. <i>Intellectual Warfare<\/i>. Chicago: Third World Press,1999<\/p>\n<p>Diop, Cheikh Anta. <i>The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Westport: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1974.<\/p>\n<p>Diop, Cheikh Anta. Origin of the Ancient Egyptians. In: <i>General History of Africa, Volume II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa<\/i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Editor: G. Mokhtar) Berkley: University of California Press, 1990, pp. 15-61<\/p>\n<p>also found in<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan (Editor): <i>Great African Thinkers: Cheikh Anta Diop<\/i>, Volume I, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986, pp. 35-63<\/p>\n<p>Donaldson, Bobby. Address at the Southern Region Conference of the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, November 23, 2019<\/p>\n<p>Freire, Paulo. <i>Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/i>. NY: Continuum, 1992<\/p>\n<p>Frazier, T. Zachary. Agnotology and Information. <i>Proceedings of the Association for information science and technology<\/i>. Vol. 52, Issue 1, pp.1-2<\/p>\n<p>Gallman, Burnett Kwadwo. <i>Sankofa University: Studying African- Centered History and Culture<\/i>. Columbia, SC: Imhotep-The Drum, 2020<\/p>\n<p>Hurston, Zora Neale. Barracoon: <i>The Story of the Last \u201cBlack\u201d Cargo<\/i>. NY: Amistad, 2020<\/p>\n<p>James, George G. M. <i>Stolen Legacy<\/i>. San Francisco: Julian Richardson<\/p>\n<p>Associates Publishers, 1976.<\/p>\n<p>Khamit-Kush, Indus. <i>What They Never Told You in History Class, Volume One<\/i>. Buffalo: Eworld, Inc., 1999<\/p>\n<p>Loewen, James W. <i>Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong<\/i>. NY: The New Press, 2018<\/p>\n<p>Loewen, James W<i>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism<\/i>. NY: The New Press, 2018<\/p>\n<p>Mills, Charles W. <i>The Racial Contract<\/i>. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1997<\/p>\n<p>Obenga, Theophile. <i>Ancient Egypt and Black Africa: A Student\u2019s Handbook<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i> for the Study of Ancient Egypt In Philosophy, Linguistics, &amp; Gender<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i> Relations<\/i>. Chicago: Karnak House, 1992.<\/p>\n<p>Proctor, Bradley. D.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>White Supremacy in the Academy: The 1913. Meeting of the American Historical. Association. <i>The Activist History Review<\/i>. November, 2019<\/p>\n<p>Rhoden, William C. <i>$40 Million Slaves: The Rise, Fall and Redemption of the Black Athlete<\/i>. NY: Three Rivers Press, 2006<\/p>\n<p>Rutherford, Mildred Lewis. <a href=\"https:\/\/ia800306.us.archive.org\/BookReader\/BookReaderImages.php?zip=\/32\/items\/measu...\">A Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books In Schools, Colleges and Libraries<\/a>. Athens, GA: United Confederate Veterans, 1919<\/p>\n<p>Sellers, Cleveland. Interview May, June, August 2020<\/p>\n<p>Sokoya, Kinaya C. <i>A Push from Below How the Black Power Movement Changed Higher Education.<\/i> Bloomington, IN:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Authorhouse, 2018<\/p>\n<p>Thompson, Anderson. The Decade of Truth. <i>The Compass: Journal of the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations<\/i>. Volume 2, Number 1, pp. 8-61, 2017<\/p>\n<p>Troullot, Michel-Rolph. <i>Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History<\/i>. Boston: Beacvon Press, 1995<\/p>\n<p>T\u2019Shaka, Oba. <i>The Political Legacy of Malcolm X<\/i>. Richmond, California: Pan Afrikan Publications, 1983<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan. <i>They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America<\/i>. NY: Random House, 2003<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan (Editor). <i>Nile Valley Civilizations<\/i>. New Brunswick:<\/p>\n<p>Transaction Books, 1984.<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan (Editor). <i>Egypt Revisited<\/i>. New Brunswick: Transaction<\/p>\n<p>Books, 1989.<\/p>\n<p>Watkins, William H. <i>The White Architects of Black Education: Ideology and Power in America, 1865-1954<\/i>. NY: Teachers College Press, 2001<\/p>\n<p>Williams, Chancellor. <i>The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race from 4500 B.C to 2000 A.D.<\/i> Chicago: Third World Press, 1976, pp. 17-61<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>July 19<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 2: Kemet: Afrika\u2019s Classical Civilization: Who were they and why is this important?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Despite the many movies featuring non-Black actors such as Elizabeth Taylor, Charlton Heston, and Yul Brynner portraying ancient Egyptians, it has been repeatedly proven that the ancient Egyptians were Black. That is, until they were invaded by the Persian, Assyrians, Greeks, Romans and especially the Arabs and the blood lines were mixed. Although there are still scattered scholarly attempts to resist this truth, most serious scholars have reluctantly accepted this reality. In this lecture, expert references are used to discuss the history and achievements of ancient Egypt (or Kemet, as they called their country) dynasty by dynasty.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">References and Suggested Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Akbar, Na\u2019im. <i>Light from Ancient Afrika<\/i>. Tallahassee: Mind Productions &amp; Associates, Inc., 1994.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ashby, Solange. <i>Calling Out to Isis: The Enduring Nubian Presence at Philae<\/i>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2020<\/p>\n<p>*Anthony Browder, Anthony T. <i>Exploding the Myths, Volume I: Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization<\/i><b>. <\/b>Washington: The Institute of Karmic Guidance, 1992.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>*Badawi, Zeinab. <i>An African History of Africa: From the Dawn of Humanity to Independence<\/i>. London: WH Allen, 2024, pp. 31-63<\/p>\n<p>*Carruthers, Jacob H. <i>Essays in Ancient Egyptian Studies<\/i>. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press, 1984.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Diop, Cheikh Anta. <i>The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality<\/i>. Westport: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1974.<\/p>\n<p>*Finch, Charles S. III.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Nile Valley. Civilization: A 10,000-Year History<\/i>. Decatur: Khenti, Inc.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>2022<\/p>\n<p>Karenga, Maulana and Jacob Carruthers. <i>Kemet and the African Worldview: Research, Rescue and Restoration<\/i>. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press, 1986<\/p>\n<p>Karenga, Maulana. <i>Reconstructing Kemetic Culture: Papers, Perspectives, Projects.<\/i> Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press, 1990<\/p>\n<p>Obenga, Theophile. <i>Ancient Egypt and Black Africa: A Student\u2019s Handbook for the Study of Ancient Egypt<\/i>. In: Philosophy, Linguistics &amp; Gender Relations. Chicago: Karnak House, 1992<\/p>\n<p>Obenga, Theophile. <i>African Philosophy<\/i>. Brawtley Press, 2015<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan (Editor) <i>Nile Valley Civilizations<\/i>. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1984<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan (Editor): <i>Egypt Revisited<\/i>. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1989<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima (Editor): <i>Egypt: Child of Africa<\/i>. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>July 26<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 3: Kemet\u2019s Contributions to the World<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b> <\/b><strong>A large portion of the science, literature and belief systems that we take for granted today had their origins in Afrika. Much of these contributions to the world have been ignored, changed, and claimed by others. This lecture will outline and document these contributions to world civilization.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">References and Suggested Reading as above especially<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Anthony Browder, Anthony T. <i>Exploding the Myths, Volume I: Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization<\/i><b>. <\/b>Washington: The Institute of Karmic Guidance, 1992.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan. <i>Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern.<\/i> NY: Taylor and Francis, Inc.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>August 2<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 4: The Afrikan Origin of Medical Science<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Many principles that are taken for granted in Western medicine today were practiced regularly in Afrika before and during Europe\u2019s \u201cDark Ages\u201d and long before Europe was \u201cenlightened\u201d. In this lecture, the history of healthcare in Afrika is detailed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">References and Suggested Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Stretter, Cornelius: <i>The Secret Medicine of the Pharoahs<\/i>. Edition 9,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Chicago, 1993<\/p>\n<p>Nunn, John F.: <i>Ancient Egyptian Medicine<\/i>. London: British Museum Press, 1996<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span>Halioua, Bruno and Bernard Ziskind: <i>Medicine in the Days of the Pharoahs<\/i>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005<\/p>\n<p>Finch, Charles S.: <i>The African Background To Medical Science: Essays on African History, Science and Civilization<\/i>. London: Karnak House, 1990<\/p>\n<p>Newsome, Frederick: <i>An African American Philosophy of Medicine<\/i>. Charlotte: Conquering Books, LLC, 2005<\/p>\n<p>Warrick, Sheridan: The Scar on the African\u2019s Arm. <i>Hippocrates<\/i>, March\/April, 1989, p. 20<\/p>\n<p>Gallman, Burnett W.: <i>From Africa to South Carolina: A Brief Review of the Contributions of Africans and African Americans To Medicine<\/i>. The Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association, May, 1988, pp. 249-255<\/p>\n<p>Newsome, Frederick. Black Contributions to the Early History of Western Medicine. In: <i>Blacks In Science: Ancient and Modern<\/i>, Editor: Ivan Van Sertima. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986<\/p>\n<p>Strouhal, Eugen, Bretislav Vachala and Hana Vymazalova. <i>The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians: Surgery, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Pediatrics<\/i>. New<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Strouhal, Eugen, Bretislav Vachala and Hana Vymazalova. <i>The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians: Internal Medicine<\/i>. New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2021<\/p>\n<p>Obenga, Theophile. <i>African Philosophy. <\/i>Brawtley Press, 2015<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>August 9<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 5: Women in Ancient Afrika<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b> <\/b><strong>Women in Western society have been oppressed and are still agitating for their just due. Women in Ancient Afrika enjoyed equality and rights that non-Afrikan Western women could not even imagine. This lecture will explore the history of matriarchal societies and the rise of patriarchy.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">References and Suggested Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Allen, Adam: The Role of Women in Africa: 5000 BCE-Late Antiquity<\/p>\n<p>Ashby, Solange. Dancing for Hathor: Nubian Women in Egyptian Cultic Life. <i>Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies<\/i>, Volume 5 (Nubian Women), Article 2<\/p>\n<p>Ashby, Solange. <i>Black Is Queen: The Divine Feminine in Kush<\/i>. Lecture at the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East<\/p>\n<p>Bey, Aziza Braithwaite. The Role of Women in Kemet, Dogon, Mayan, and Tsalagi Societies. <i>Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice<\/i>. Volume 3, Issue 3, Article 2<\/p>\n<p>Eller, Cynthia. <i>The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won\u2019t Give Women a Future<\/i>. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001<\/p>\n<p>Finch, Charles S, III.The Great Mother and the Origin of Human Culture. In:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Echoes of the Old Darkland: Themes from the African Eden<\/i>. Decatur: Khenti, Inc. 1991<\/p>\n<p>Jogunosimi, Ife. The Role of Royal Women in Ancient Egypt. In: <i>Kemet and the African Worldview: Research, Rescue, Restoration. <\/i>Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press, 1986<\/p>\n<p>Johnson, Janet H. Women\u2019s Legal Rights in Ancient Egypt. Fathom Archive: The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections<\/p>\n<p>Obenga, Theophile. Male\/Female Relations in Ancient Egypt. In: <i>Ancient Egypt &amp; Black Africa: A Student\u2019s Handbook for the Study of Ancient Egypt in Philosophy, Linguistics &amp; Gender Relations<\/i>. Chicago:Karnak House, 1992<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>August 16<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>Lecture 6: West Afrika\u2019s Golden Age before the European invasion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Contrary to what many ignorant, racist, duplicitous and frankly lying historians have written, enslavement was not a boon to Afrika. It did not bring Afrikans out of ignorance, barbarism or savagery because, in fact, many of the kidnapped and enslaved Afrikans were better educated and probably more intelligent than their kidnappers and enslavers. In this lecture, a brief introduction to West Afrika, from where most enslaved Afrikans originated is given.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">References and Suggested Reading<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ajayi, J.F. Ade and Ian Espie:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>A Thousand Years of West Africa History<\/i>, Ibaden University Press and Nelson, 1965.<\/p>\n<p>Boahen, Adu:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Topics in West African History<\/i>, Longman Group Limited, London, 1980<\/p>\n<p>Chinweizu:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The <i>West and the Rest of Us:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>White Predators, Black Slaves and the African Elite<\/i>, Pero Press, Lagos, 1987<\/p>\n<p>Clarke, John Henrik:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Ahmad Baba:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>A Scholar of Old Africa<\/i>, Black Books Bulletin, volume 2, Number 1, 1974, Chicago, IL, pp. 4-9<\/p>\n<p>Clarke, John Henrik:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Social <i>Studies African-American Baseline Essay<\/i>, Portland City Schools, Portland, OR, 1987, pp. 3549-56<\/p>\n<p>Davidson, Basil:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Africa in History:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Themes and Outlines<\/i>, Collier Books, NY, pp. 74-91<\/p>\n<p>Diop, Cheikh Anta:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Precolonial Black Africa:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A Comparative Study of the Political and Social Systems of Europe and Black Africa, from Antiquity to the Formation of Modern States<\/i>, Lawrence Hill and Company, Westport, Connecticut, 1987<\/p>\n<p>French, Howard W. <i>Born in Blackness: Africa, Africans and the Making of the Modern World, 1471 to the Second World War<\/i>. NY: Liveright, 2022<\/p>\n<p>Gomez, Michael A. <i>African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton<\/i>: Princeton University Press, 2019<\/p>\n<p>Jackson, John G.:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Introduction to African Civilizations<\/i>, The Citadel Press, Secaucus, NJ, 1970, Chapter 5<\/p>\n<p>Karenga, Maulana:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Introduction to Black Studies<\/i>, Kawaida Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 1984, pp. 57-63<\/p>\n<p>Niane, D.T. <i>Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Onwubiko, KBC. <i>School Certificate History of West Africa: 1800-Present Day, Book Two<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Page, JD:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>The Development of African Historiography <\/i>in<i> General History of Africa, vol. I Methodology and African Pre-history<\/i>, ed. J.ki-Zeibo UNESCO, The University of California Press, 1990, Berkeley<\/p>\n<p>Van Sertima, Ivan:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>They Came Before Columbus:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The African Presence in Ancient America<\/i>, Random House, NY, 1976, pp. 37-50.<\/p>\n<p>Walker, Robin. <i>When We Ruled<\/i>. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 2011<\/p>\n<p>Walker, Robin. <i>If You Want to Learn Early African History<\/i>, <i>Start Here<\/i>. London: Reklaw Education, Ltd., 2015<\/p>\n<p>Walker, Robin. <i>Blacks and Science: Volume Two<\/i>. London: Reklaw Education, Ltd., 2016<\/p>\n<p>Williams, Chancellor:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>The Destruction of Black Civilization:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Great Issues of a Race from 4500 B.C. to 2000 A.D.<\/i>, Third World Press, Chicago, IL, 1976, Chapter VIII<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>August 23<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><b>Lecture 7: Resistance to Enslavement<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Despite the myth of the \u201cHappy Slave\u201d, there were no \u201cgood\u201d or beneficent enslavers. The institution of chattel slavery practiced in the United States was more brutal and dehumanizing than any other system of slavery in the world, with the possible exception of Arab slavery. Enslaved Afrikans did not accept their lot and there are many documented instances of the many ways that the enslaved Afrikans resisted their enslavement. Some of these methods were passive while others were deadly. This lecture will explore and discuss some of these methods.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>References and Suggested Reading<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Aptheker, Herbert. <i>American Negro Slave Revolts<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Genovese, Eugene D. <i>From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. <i>Black Rebellion: Five Slave Revolts<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South. Day- to-Day Resistance. Low Country Digital History Initiative. A Digital History Project Hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston.<\/p>\n<p>Hidden Voices: Enslaved Women in the Lowcountry and U.S. South. Reproduction and Resistance. Low Country Digital History Initiative. A Digital History Project Hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston.<\/p>\n<p>Horne, Gerald. The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America.<\/p>\n<p>Johnson, Michael P. Smothered Slave Infants: Were Slave Mothers at Fault? The Journal of Southern History. 47(4):493-520, Nov. 1981<\/p>\n<p>Anon, Anon S. Infanticide as Slave Resistance: Evidence from Barbados, Jamaica and Saint-Dominique. Inquiries Journal 6(64):1-21, 2014<\/p>\n<p>Wells-Oghoghomeh, Alexis. The Souls of Womenfolk: The Religious Cultures of Enslaved Women in the Lower South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2021<\/p>\n<p>McIntyre, Charshee. The Double Meanings of the Spirituals. Journal<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>of Black Studies, Volume 17, No.4 (June 1987), pp. 379-401<\/p>\n<p>Hulbert, Matthew C. The Caroline Chronicles: A Story of Race, Urban Slavery, and Infanticide in the Border South-Part VI. March. 2, 2016<\/p>\n<p>Fourmy, Signe Peterson. \u201cShe had smothered her baby on purpose\u201d: Enslaved Women and maternal Resistance. <i>Age of Revolutions.com<\/i>, July 25, 2022<\/p>\n<p>Lockley, Timothy James (Editor). <i>Maroon Communities in South Carolina: A Documentary Record<\/i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009<\/p>\n<p>Grant, Joanne (Editor). <i>Black Protest: History, Documents, and Analysis: 1619 to the Present<\/i>. NY: Fawcett Premier, 1968<\/p>\n<p>Price, Richard (Editor). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996<\/p>\n<p>Alexander, Tim. Double Entendre: <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.org\/uc\/item\/4h3778q2\">A Glimpse into the Meanings of Slave Songs<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A HISTORY OF AFRIKAN PEOPLE A Community Course Syllabus This seven-part series is a Modjeska Simkins School special presentation by Dr. Burnett Gallman,\u00a0who serves on the National Board of the<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/afrikan-history\/\" class=\"more-link themebutton\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-3858","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3858"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3858\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4392,"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3858\/revisions\/4392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scpronet.com\/modjeskaschool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}